The Ganga River, revered by millions, is currently facing a significant health crisis. Recent reports have highlighted dangerously high levels of faecal coliform bacteria in its waters at Prayagraj, especially during the ongoing Maha Kumbh Mela. This contamination poses severe health risks to the multitude of devotees and local residents who rely on the river for various daily activities.

Understanding Faecal Coliform Contamination

What is Faecal Bacteria Coliform?

Faecal coliform bacteria are microorganisms found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Their presence in water indicates contamination by fecal matter, suggesting that harmful pathogens like viruses, parasites, or other bacteria may also be present. Exposure to these pathogens can lead to various health issues, ranging from gastrointestinal infections to more severe diseases.

Sources of Contamination

The primary source of faecal coliform in the Ganga at Prayagraj is the discharge of untreated or inadequately treated sewage directly into the river. During large gatherings like the Maha Kumbh Mela, the sheer number of people bathing and the accompanying increase in waste generation overwhelm the existing waste management infrastructure, leading to elevated contamination levels. Additionally, improper waste disposal practices and inadequate sanitation facilities contribute to the problem.

Health Implications

Risks to Devotees and Residents

Bathing in or consuming contaminated water from the Ganga can result in several health issues:

• Gastrointestinal Infections: Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps, often caused by pathogens such as E. coli and Salmonella.

• Skin and Eye Infections: Contact with polluted water can lead to rashes, eye irritation, and other dermatological issues.

• Respiratory Problems: Inhaling water droplets containing bacteria can cause respiratory infections, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.

• Serious Diseases: Prolonged exposure increases the risk of contracting diseases like typhoid and hepatitis A.

Medical professionals have raised alarms over the potential for widespread health issues, especially given the massive influx of pilgrims during the Maha Kumbh Mela. The combination of high contamination levels and large gatherings creates a conducive environment for the rapid spread of waterborne diseases.

Official Response and Measures

National Green Tribunal’s Intervention

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has expressed serious concerns regarding the deteriorating water quality of the Ganga at Prayagraj. In response to reports from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) indicating non-compliance with primary bathing water quality standards due to elevated faecal coliform levels, the NGT has summoned officials from the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) to provide explanations and outline remedial measures. The tribunal has emphasized the urgency of implementing effective waste management and sewage treatment solutions to address the contamination.

Steps Being Taken

In light of the NGT’s directives, several measures are being considered and implemented:

• Enhancing Sewage Treatment: Upgrading existing sewage treatment plants (STPs) and ensuring they operate at full capacity to treat waste before it enters the river.

• Infrastructure Development: Constructing additional STPs and improving sanitation facilities, especially in areas experiencing high footfall during events like the Maha Kumbh Mela.

• Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public about the importance of sanitation and the health risks associated with bathing in contaminated water.

• Strict Monitoring and Enforcement: Regular monitoring of water quality and strict enforcement of regulations to prevent illegal discharge of waste into the river.

Conclusion

The alarming rise in faecal bacteria levels in the Ganga at Prayagraj is a pressing public health concern that necessitates immediate and sustained action. While the river holds immense cultural and religious significance, ensuring its cleanliness is paramount to protect the health of devotees and residents alike. Collaborative efforts from government authorities, local communities, and individual citizens are essential to restore and preserve the sanctity and safety of the Ganga.